Distinction of Sex and Gender

1. The come alive/ sex distinction. The edges sex and gender mean different things to different feminist theorists and neither atomic number 18 easy or straightforward to characterize. Sketching out some feminist history of the terms provides a helpful starting point. 1. 1 biologic determinism Most bulk ordinarily seem to think that sex and gender are coextensive women are human females, men are human males. more feminists see historically disagreed and have endorsed the sex/ gender distinction.Provisionally sex denotes human females and males depending on biological features (chromosomes, sex organs, hormones and other physical features)gender denotes women and men depending on social factors (social role, position, behaviour or identity). The main feminist motivation for making this distinction was to counter biological determinism or the imagine that biology is destiny. A common example of a biological determinist view is that of Geddes and Thompson who, in 1889, argued that social, psychological and behavioural traits were caused by metabolous state.Women supposedly conserve energy (being anabolic) and this makes them passive, conservative, sluggish, inactive and unconcerned in politics. Men expend their surplus energy (being katabolic) and this makes them eager, energetic, passionate, variable and, thereby, interested in political and social matters. These biological facts about metabolic states were used not only to explain behavioural differences between women and men merely also to justify what our social and political arrangements have to be.It would be contrasted to grant women political rights, as they are simply not suited to have those rights it would also be futile since women (due to their biology) would simply not be interested in exercising their political rights. To counter this kind of biological determinism, feminists have argued that behavioural and psychological differences have social, rather than biological, causes. For cau sa, Simone de Beauvoir famously claimed that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman, and that social discrimination produces in women moral and intellectual effects so profound that they appear to be caused by nature.Commonly observed behavioural traits associated with women and men, then, are not caused by anatomy or chromosomes. Rather, they are culturally learned or acquired. Although biological determinism of the kind endorsed by Geddes and Thompson is nowadays uncommon, the supposition that behavioural and psychological differences between women and men have biological causes has not disappeared. In the 1970s, sex differences were used to argue that women should not become airline pilots since they leave alone be hormonally unstable once a month and, therefore, unable to perform their duties as well as men (Rogers 1999, 11).More recently, differences in male and female brains have been said to explain behavioural differences in particular, the anatomy of corpus callosum , a bundle of nerves that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres, is survey to be liable for various psychological and behavioural differences. 1. 2 Gender terminology In order to distinguish biological differences from social/psychological ones and to talk about the latter, feminists appropriated the term gender.Psychologists writing on trans sexuality were the first to employ gender terminology in this sense. However, in order to explain why some people felt that they were trapped in the wrong bodies, the psychologist Robert Stoller (1968) began using the terms sex to pick out biological traits and gender to pick out the amount of womanhood and masculinity a person showed. Along with psychologists like Stoller, feminists found it useful to distinguish sex and gender.This enabled them to argue that many differences between women and men were socially produced and, therefore, changeable. For instance Gayle Rubins thought was that although biological differences are fixed , gender differences are the oppressive firmnesss of social interventions that dictate how women and men should behave. Women are oppressed as women and by having to be women (Rubin 1975, 204). However, since gender is social, it is thought to be changeable and adjustable by political and social reform that would ultimately bring an end to womens subordination.Feminism should aim to create a genderless (though not sexless) society, in which ones sexual anatomy is irrelevant to who one is, what one does, and with whom one makes love (Rubin 1975, 204). In some earlier interpretations, like Rubins, sex and gender were thought to complement one another. The slogan Gender is the social interpretation of sex captures this view. Nicholson calls this the coat-rack view of gender our sexed bodies are like coat racks and provide the site upon which gender is constructed (1994, 81).Gender conceived of as masculinity and femininity is superimposed upon the coat-rack of sex as each society imp oses on sexed bodies their cultural conceptions of how males and females should behave. This socially constructs gender differences or the amount of femininity/masculinity of a person upon our sexed bodies. That is, according to this interpretation, all humans are either male or female their sex is fixed. But cultures interpret sexed bodies differently and project different norms on those bodies thereby creating feminine and masculine persons.So, this group of feminist arguments against biological determinism suggested that gender differences result from cultural practices and social expectations. Nowadays it is more common to denote this by saying that gender is socially constructed. This means that genders (women and men) and gendered traits (like being nurturing or ambitious) are the mean or unintended products of a social practice (Haslanger 1995, 97). But which social practices construct gender, what social construction is and what being of a certain gender amounts to are maj or feminist controversies.There is no consensus on these issues. (See the entry on Intersections between Analytic and Continental Feminism for more on different ways to watch gender. ) 5. Conclusion This entry first looked at feminist arguments against biological determinism and the claim that gender is socially constructed. Next, it examined feminist critiques of prevalent understandings of gender and sex, and the distinction itself. In reaction to these concerns, the final section looked at how a unified womens category could be articulated for feminist political purposes and illustrated (at least) two things.First, that gender or what it is to be a woman or a man is still very much a live issue. Second, that feminists have not entirely given up the view that gender is about social factors and that it is (in some sense) distinct from biological sex. The jury is still out on what the best, the most useful or (even) the correct definition of gender is. And some contemporary femin ists still find there to be value in the original 1960s sex/gender distinction.